Farming, Agriculture, Livestock, Cattle

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NOTA DE VIERNES: Un caballo excitado “ataca” a un policia

Un hecho por demás extraño ocurrió esta semana en Irlanda, durante la celebración del Smithfield Market, una representación de una antigua costumbre que se festejaba en Dublín, donde la gente de otros pueblos se acercaba a la ciudad para hacer sus compras, tratos o trueques, reseña el portal Diario Registrado.

 Al parecer, un caballo sintió atracción sexual por un policía e intentó violarlo. A pesar de haberse salvado del ataque, el oficial pasó un momento tan drástico como vergonzoso.

VIDEO: Trazabilidad, clave para acceder a mercados de alta exigencia

La trazabilidad de los productos es un mecanismo que aún no es estrictamente necesario para la comercialización de productos perecederos, como frutas, verduras y alimentos en general en México; mientras en Estados Unidos, principal mercado de agroexportadores mexicanos, avanza la iniciativa de ley de trazabilidad de productos perecederos, impulsada por el presidente de ese país, Barack Obama, y distintas asociaciones de distribuidores y comercializadores de productos.
Así, este año al menos 800 productores agrícolas mexicanos que venden a cadenas comerciales estadounidenses deberán incorporar un sistema de trazabilidad en sus productos, esto con el fin de rastrear de manera eficiente y rápida el origen de una eventual contingencia por contaminación en alimentos. (más sobre el tema en www.imagenagropecuaria.com)

VIDEO: John Deere 9220 with Trimble Autopilot on RTK planting corn

Planting corn with a John Deere 9220, Trimble FmX, Autopilot, and Field IQ with a 24 row kinze planter.

Obtienen nutracéuticos a partir de residuos agroindustriales

Diferentes nutracéuticos (sustancias que, adicionadas a diversos alimentos, ayudan a mantener la salud y a prevenir enfermedades como las cardiovasculares, el cáncer y las cataratas) son obtenidos de residuos agroindustriales por académicos de la Facultad de Química de la Universidad Nacional.

Así, mediante procesos eficientes y limpios extraen, por ejemplo, fibra dietética del producto generado por el desespinado del nopal y antioxidantes del agua amarilla producida por la nixtamalización del maíz conocida como nejayote.

“Al desespinar el nopal para el mercado se generan residuos equivalentes a 30 % del total de la verdura, con la misma composición nutrimental, ya que contienen proteínas, minerales polisacáridos, lípidos y compuestos bioactivos”, explica el profesor del Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología de la facultad de Química de la UNAM, Arturo Navarro Ocaña.

Los académicos universitarios han desarrollado también otros procesos eficientes y limpios para obtener, a gran escala, antioxidantes del totomoxtle, el olote, las hojas y la caña de maíces criollos, ampliamente distribuidos en todo el país.

Asimismo han desarrollado procesos a nivel laboratorio para extraer biocolorantes de maíces criollos coloridos que crecen en distintas zonas agrícolas de Tlaxcala, Puebla y el Distrito Federal.

“Se trata de las antocianinas, sustancias responsables de la gama de colores que abarca desde el rojo hasta el azul en varias frutas, vegetales y cereales; se usan tanto como colorantes de alimentos hasta cosméticos y productos farmacéuticos.”

El café almacenado más de un año y el frijol endurecido por mucho tiempo de almacenamiento pueden ser también fuentes de nutracéuticos: el primero contiene ácidos clorogénicos; y el segundo antocianinas, que tienen propiedades antioxidantes.

Cabe señalar que, igualmente, de la cascarilla del frijol, del cual México tiene una gran variedad, se han obtenido colorantes.

Otras fuentes de nutracéuticos que han sido trabajadas por Navarro Ocaña y sus colaboradores son, por ejemplo, las cascarillas de frutas como cítricos y manzanas, y de cereales (estos alimentos son ricos en fibra dietética y antioxidantes).

Tecnología limpia y eficiente

Los académicos de la UNAM han creado una tecnología limpia, eficiente y ahorradora de energía para extraer o en su caso separar sustancias puras.

“Se trata de procesos físico-químicos y biológicos en los que se usan disolventes ecológicos y reactivos orgánicos (ácidos de frutas) asistidos por catalizadores biológicos como son las enzimas, ultrasonido y microondas”, dice Navarro Ocaña.

También están desarrollando procesos para usar colorantes y antioxidantes ya como aditivos en alimentos, como pigmentos de textiles o como nutracéuticos.

En colaboración con un grupo de investigadores del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán han evaluado las propiedades antioxidantes en modelos animales, utilizando extractos enriquecidos de polifenoles obtenidos del desespinado del nopal.

Por otra parte, en su laboratorio de la Facultad de Química, los académicos universitarios han probado los antioxidantes de varios cítricos y del nopal para estabilizar con ellos aceites y bases de aderezos.

Biocolorantes y ácido ferúlico

Por lo que se refiere a los procesos de obtención de biocolorantes a partir de maíces criollos coloridos, ya están listos para su eventual escalamiento a nivel de planta piloto. Un proceso que próximamente contará con una patente –y que fue resultado de un proyecto financiado por el Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología del DF– es el de extracción del ácido ferúlico y preparación de derivados por métodos enzimáticos.

“Estos derivados, junto con el ácido ferúlico y el ácido cumárico, tienen diferentes aplicaciones comerciales”, señala Arturo Navarro Ocaña.

Alimentos funcionales

La obtención de nutracéuticos es sólo una parte del trabajo científico de los académicos universitarios. En realidad, su objetivo principal es determinar la presencia y la cantidad de moléculas bioactivas en los alimentos tradicionales de México; éste sería uno de los primeros pasos para que dichos alimentos sean considerados alimentos funcionales. Ahora bien, ¿qué son los alimentos funcionales?

“Son aquellos que, además de proporcionar las moléculas vitales para una buena nutrición (carbohidratos, lípidos, proteínas, vitaminas y minerales), contienen otros componentes, llamados compuestos bioactivos, que ayudan a mantener la salud y a prevenir enfermedades”, apunta el profesor Navarro Ocaña.

Por ejemplo, aparte de sus propiedades nutricionales, el jitomate contiene fibra dietética y antioxidantes; el aguacate, ácidos grasos poliinsaturados y clorogénicos, y esteroles; y el maíz y el nopal, carotenos, fibra dietética y antioxidantes fenólicos.

“Sin embargo, de la composición bioactiva de muchas frutas y muchos vegetales endémicos de México se tiene poca información. El tejocote (buena fuente de carotenos, polifenoles y fibra) se produce y consume cada vez menos, y lo mismo está ocurriendo con el mamey y el zapote (benéficos por su fibra dietética y sus antioxidantes), el xoconostle o tuna ácida (rica en ácido ascórbico y fibra) y algunas variedades silvestres de frijol. Los estamos perdiendo y todavía no hemos evaluado su potencial como alimentos funcionales o fuentes de nutracéuticos”, asegura Navarro Ocaña.

Por esta razón, el académico universitario y sus colaboradores van a seguir estudiando los alimentos tradicionales de México o prehispánicos, como los jaltomates o tomatillos de milpa, y las agaváceas, entre otros.

Si quiere obtener más información relacionada con este tema, escriba al correo electrónico: arturono@unam.mx. (Fernando Guzmán Aguilar)

 

http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/cultura/68410.html

Empresa catalana instala una máquina expendedora de carne y embutidos

Una empresa de Vic (Barcelona) ha instalado a pie de calle una máquina expendedora de carne, embutidos y platos preparados, un modelo de negocio que los tres socios que la han impulsado esperan poder expandir a otras poblaciones catalanas.

Según ha explicado hoy a Efe uno de los impulsores de la iniciativa Toni Ylla-Català, lo que buscaban era un nuevo modelo de venta que les permitiera llegar a un comprador que apenas tiene tiempo de ir a comprar y que, si quiere comida casera, pueda encontrar comida de calidad de forma rápida.

Los empresarios han inaugurado un establecimiento comercial en el centro de Vic, a cuyas puertas han instalado la máquina expendedora, que da servicio las 24 horas al día y los 365 días del año.

La idea del nuevo negocio surgió "de la observación de los nuevos hábitos y ritmos de vida", indica Ylla-Català, que describe que la máquina ofrece diversos tipos de carne fresca pero también platos preparados y embutidos en raciones para una o dos personas.

Además, tienen previsto incluir también patés y salmón, vino y cava, "siempre con la filosofía kilómetro 0", añade.

Esta iniciativa se suma a la ya existente en varios centros comerciales catalanes que ofrecen leche fresca y yogures a través también de una máquina expendedora, que facilita incluso la botella de un litro con la que transportar la leche.

 

http://www.abc.es/agencias/noticia.asp?noticia=1144004

Improving longevity of beef heifers

 

Research has indicated it takes the net revenue from approximately 6 calves to cover the development and production costs of each replacement heifer.  In addition, any cow that misses a single calving is not likely to recover the lost revenue of that missed calf.  Therefore, longevity of a beef female is very important to the sustainability and profitability of any beef operation.  Considering the importance of longevity, an important question is as follows:  Why are females culled from a beef herd?  According to the 2008 NAHMS survey the greatest percentage of cows culled from the herd were for pregnancy status (33.0%); other reasons for culling included age or bad teeth (32.1%), economic reasons (14.6%), other reproductive problems (3.9%), producing poor calves (3.6%), temperament (3.6%), injury (2.9%), udder problems (2.7%), bad eyes (1.8%), and other problems (1.8%).  Furthermore, 15.6% of animals culled were less than 5 years of age and 31.8% were 5 to 9 years of age.  These females that are culled from a herd prior to producing 6 calves increase the developmental cost of other heifers and do not contribute to the profitability and sustainability of the farm. 

To achieve maximum life-time productivity heifers need to calve by 24 months of age, and heifers that lose a pregnancy or conceive late in the breeding season are likely to not have enough time to rebreed during a defined breeding season.  In addition, heifers that calve early with their first calf have a longer post-partum interval and are more likely to breed back as two year olds and continue to calve early in the calving season.  This is important to overall profitability since age of calf at weaning is the single largest factor that affects weaning weight.   

In a recent collaborative study between SDSU and the USDA- Meat Animal Research Center (MARC), longevity data were collected on 2,195 heifers from producers in South Dakota, and longevity and weaning weight data were collected on 16,549 heifers at the USDA-MARC. Data was limited to heifers that conceived during their 1st breeding season.  Heifers that calved with their first calf during the first 21 day period of the calving season had increased longevity compared to heifers that calved in the second 21 day period, or later. Average longevity for South Dakota heifers that calved in the 1st or later period was 5.1 ± 0.1 and 3.9 ± 0.1 yr, respectively. Average longevity for USDA-MARC heifers that calved in the 1st, 2nd, and later period was 8.2 ± 0.3, 7.6 ± 0.5, and 7.2 ± 0.1 yr, respectively.  Calving period also influenced weaning weight of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th calf born from these heifers.  In addition, calving period influenced total pounds weaned and average weaning weight, with heifers that calved during the 1st period having increased weaning weights, total pounds weaned, and average weaning weight compared to heifers calving in the 2nd period or later, and heifers calving during the 2nd period had increased weaning weight, total pounds weaned, and average weaning weight compared to heifers calving later. 

Therefore, heifers that calved early in the calving season with their first calf had increased longevity and pounds weaned compared to heifers that calved later in the calving season.  So when we think about increasing longevity in our beef cattle, we need to begin with management decisions that impact our replacement heifers.  If we get them developed correctly they will continue to be productive for several years.

Source: Dr. George Perry

 

http://www.cattlenetwork.com/cattle-news/latest/Improving-longevity-of-beef-heifers-146992605.html

Why Be A Rancher?


Why go through all the hardships that are associated with ranching just to provide food for people who don’t understand where their food comes from and try to make life more difficult for you? Why even bother especially when the majority of the people that you provide food for don’t even care about you?
I can’t tell you why other people are ranchers, but I am a rancher because I am tough. My family has been living on our ranch since 1880 and that means something to us. The land is tied to us. My family has sweated over that land and bled over it until it has become a part of us. We don’t get any vacations, we don’t ever get a break. While we may technically own the land, in reality, the land owns us. We have struggled to keep the land in our family through hard times. When I was really young, we had to sell half of it in order to pay off the loans that we have to take out every year just to keep it running. My family has around 300 head of cows but very rarely does the money that we get for selling the yearlings ever cover the cost of feeding them through the year. During the winter months, we have to feed the cows hay every day because there is no grass for them to graze. Generally this takes around half a day. We also have to drive out and check the cows that are pregnant with their first calf every three hours from about February until the middle of April. We do this so that if one of them has problems calving, or giving birth, we can be there to assist them. People who say that ranchers are abusive to their animals have never seen one struggle for three hours in the middle of the night trying to save a cow that is having problems calving. The cows and the land have control over our lives.



During the summer months, we are busy cutting, raking, baling, and stacking hay. We never get the opportunity to really leave the ranch for more than about half a day because there is so much that needs to be done. We pour our lives into raising beef and trying to make sure that they are always well fed and healthy. In return all we get are people who act as though ranching is one of the worst things for the land and cattle. Without farmers and ranchers there would be no food or most cloth. We do our best to try and practice sustainable agriculture and to take care of the land. In all honesty, we have to take care of the land if we expect it to be usable for future generations of our family. We have to take care of our cattle if we want them to sell well. Ranching is not a career or even a job. It is a way of life, it is our own culture. My only goal for this post is to make people stop and consider where their food comes from, think about the people who make their food, and maybe think about thanking them for not giving up when times are hard and it’s difficult to financially keep a ranch or farm running.

http://blog.oregonlive.com/myoregon/2012/04/why_be_a_rancher.html

VIDEO: Angus, Efficiency and quality can co-exist

Tom Fanning, Buffalo Feeders, and Sam Hands, Triangle H, talk about how Angus cattle can combine efficiency and quality in the same package. This video news is provided by Certified Angus Beef LLC and the American Angus Association. Visit www.CABpartners.com or www.angus.org for more information.

VIDEO: YERBERO. CABALLO CAMPEÓN DE ESPAÑA DE FUNCIONALIDAD 2011

YERBERO, EL CAMPEÓN DE ESPAÑA DE FUNCIONALIDAD DE SICAB 2011 AHORA DISPONIBLE PARA CUBRICIONES EN GRUPOPRE. MÁS INFORMACIÓN: info@grupopre.com

YERBERO, THE SPANISH CHAMPION 2011 IN FUNCTIONALITY NOW AVAILABLE FOR BREEDING AT GRUPOPRE. MORE INFORMATION: info@grupopre.com

India may become world’s top beef exporter by 2013: USDA

India is likely to become the world’s largest beef (buffalo meat) exporter by 2013 as there is consistent demand from price sensitive importers, primarily in Southeast Asia, West Asia and Africa, USDA has said.
“Given India’s explosive export growth, India is likely to become the world’s largest beef (buffalo meat) exporter by 2013, if not sooner,” United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) said in its latest report.
Export growth is largely on account of consistent demand from price sensitive importers, primarily in Vietnam and Southeast Asia, West Asia and Africa. As a result, the number of export production units is increasing to meet growing export demand for low-cost Indian buffalo meat, it added.
According to USDA, India’s export of buffalo meat is estimated to rise 25 per cent to 1.52 million tonnes in 2012 from 1.22 mt in 2011.
However, the dreaded Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in cattle could pose problems in the country’s march towards the world’s leading buffalo meat supplier, USDA said.
“While there are rumours of new market openings in Eastern Europe and Indonesia, no known trade has yet occurred in these regions and India’s FMD status makes this seem unlikely,” it added.
Indian exporters are operating voluntary vaccination programs to combat FMD and the government of India has launched a Rs 4,000 crore programme to tackle the disease.
While these programs are positive steps, the reality of FMD remains a significant hurdle for expanding market access, USDA said.

http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/agri-biz/article3293410.ece?homepage=true&ref=wl_home

Think long-term with wild land prices


Some Corn Belt values have seen their sharpest price jumps ever. Crop prices have been good. Interest rates have been low. Farm incomes have been healthy. Makes for a healthy outlook for farm land values, right?
There is bad news, though. Interest rates can't get much lower. There's a lot of uncertainty about this year's crop yield potential. And, both fixed and variable costs to raise corn and soybeans continue rising.
Add it all up and it's certainly not the end of the bull run for farm land prices, but it's reason for more caution in pricing new land than in recent years, says director of the Purdue University Center for Commercial Agriculture and ag economist Brent Gloy. Ultimately, it's best to take a longer-term view of both land values and your ability to keep up with them instead of remain beholden to a shorter-term perspective.
"In the short term, people will buy [land] because they think it's going to go up, and that's where we get concerned," Gloy told Agriculture.com. "I think there are a lot of people who may be optimistic about earnings in the future but are still tying the value of what they're paying for the land for the earnings they can get off of it."
Right now, grain exports, already-tight grain stocks and interest rates are all looming large for the land market. And, all these largely bullish variables -- especially grain exports right now -- could turn on a dime at any time, making it difficult to track them effectively on a short-term basis, he says.
"The scary thing about farmland and agriculture in general right now is when you start talking about exports being so important. They tend to grow over time, then change dramatically. Those can really shock things," Gloy says. "Those are the hard things to forecast."
The grain market saw a perfect example of this scenario play out over the weekend when officials in Brazil took action to close its ports to soybean exports in an effort to keep up with orders amidst a new-crop supply shortage. After a lower start to the trade Monday, the grains moved higher on the prospect of more sales of U.S. soybeans on the export market.
"For 20 years, we've been saying China's going to import all these ag products, and all of a sudden, they really get an appetite for our commodities," Gloy adds. "We knew that they'd likely buy more, but when and how much is tough to estimate."
Instances like these are bullish. But, there's also a lot of bearish potential out there too, Gloy says, namely the movement of already-low interest rates higher. Then, there are variables that could go either way.


"Everything's so tight right now that it's going to depend a lot on what the weather does, in large part, and what kind of yield we get."
The consequences of looking at any of these variables in a short-term context is dangerous when you're taking them into account when buying land, Gloy says.
"The earnings you get next year are a small portion of the earnings you're betting on for a farmland purchase," he says. "It's going to take years of earnings to get your cash back. We tend to get a little overfocused on the short term. We need to get back to the longer-term perspective."
Right now, Gloy says there are basically 3 camps among farmers on this issue:
  1. The camp that says "this is crazy and these high prices aren't going to last...it's not going to end well," Gloy says.
  2. There's also the camp that feels the rally is here to stay and believes "we haven't seen anything yet" in terms of high land values, he adds.
  3. Then, there's a group more toward the middle. "Their attitude is that they want to buy a farm but don't want to get overextended. They'll say 'If there's something available, I'm going to buy it, but I'm not going to go crazy. I'm trying to keep an open mind about it,'" Gloy says.
The biggest concern with the land market moving forward, he says, is in the buyer's mindset. Right now, there are a lot of farmers and investors buying land under the assumption that land's value will only grow. But, as prices continue to move higher, that's going to change.
"We get the sense that the market's still tied to earnings forecasts. It doesn't appear at least that it's gone into a deal where they're buying it just because it's going to go up," Gloy says. "That's the biggest risk: When people forget to go back and tie it to what their earnings are. That's going to determine the value you get out of it and what somebody's going to be able to pay you. In the short term, people will buy it because they think it's going to go up, and that's where we get concerned.
But, there are a lot of people who have a pretty grounded mindset and may be optimistic about earnings in the future, but are still tying that value of what they're paying for the land for the earnings they can get."

http://www.agriculture.com/news/business/think-longterm-with-wild-l-prices_5-ar23723

La integración agrícola ganadera otorga valor


La nueva cuota europea de carne a grano es un buen ejemplo

La alimentación a granos en algunas etapas de la ganadería, tanto en la terminación como en la recría del animal, representa una clara valorización de la integración agrícola ganadera, según lo pone de manifiesto el mercado de la denominada cuota 620 de la Unión Europea (UE) y de otros nichos de carnes de alta calidad.
Este concepto fue manejado por el ministro de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP), Tabaré Aguerre, con motivo del primer embarque realizado el viernes pasado por el Frigorífico San Jacinto, en el marco de los negocios de carne de ganados menores de 30 meses terminados a granos en sus últimos 100 días.
Aguerre, quien valoró que Uruguay es el único país sudamericano habilitado para la nueva cuota y por ello no pierde la condición de país productor carne producida de forma natural, certificada por trazabilidad y sin hormonas, resaltó también la importancia de este tipo de negocios para la agricultura local.
Aguerre se imaginó el impacto que podría tener en la agricultura local alimentar a grano durante 100 días a alrededor de 80.000 novillos, si Uruguay pudiera acceder a un volumen de ventas para la cuota 620 de Europa similar a lo que representa hoy para el país la denominada cuota Hilton de 6.300 toneladas.
Al resaltar la importancia de que las normas de cuidado de los recursos se pueden cumplir produciendo más, el ministro se preguntó cuánto vale una tonelada de sorgo en un país que no tiene mercado para este grano.
Y agregó: “¿Cuál era el valor del sorgo hace tres años? Todos nos acordamos que durante  la cosecha valía US$ 60 a U$S 70 la tonelada y cuando terminaba se vendía a US$ 130 y hasta US$ 150 la tonelada”.
Aguerre explicó que el año pasado se produjeron 400.000 a 500.000  toneladas de sorgo y el precio nunca bajó de los US$ 200 la tonelada, hasta que a fin de año bajó un poco, por el descenso del precio del trigo.
“Pero además de tener que alimentar a granos durante 100 días a esa cantidad de animales, también es necesario  realizar alguna suplementación estratégica en la recría de ganados y eso también son granos agregados. Entonces, ¿cuál es el impacto en la rotación de la agricultura de Uruguay y cuál es el valor del sorgo transformado en carne, sostuvo.
“Eso es pensar en grande, en un Estado facilitador del comercio, que es la concepción con la cual trabajamos”, sostuvo el  ministro. En su opinión, agregar valor y tecnología a la cadena productiva son dos de las grandes cosas “que tenemos que hacer, no solo para mejorar la productividad, sino para construir la oportunidad de la distribución”.

http://www.elobservador.com.uy/noticia/219257/la-integracion-agricola-ganadera-otorga-valor/

Claves para mejorar la preñez


  Para mejorar la eficiencia reproductiva, los técnicos del INTA recomiendan realizar el primer servicio a los 18 meses. Importancia del manejo alimenticio desde el destete.
El entore de las vaquillas a los 18 meses es una técnica disponible, “probada y validada para mejorar la eficiencia reproductiva”, explicó Daniel Sampedro, coordinador del Proyecto Ganadero del Centro Regional del INTA en Corrientes.



Así, dijo el especialista, se busca solucionar un problema fundamental en el manejo de rodeos de cría: “el bajo porcentaje de preñez del segundo servicio, que normalmente en la región no supera el 40 al 50%”. De acuerdo con los trabajos realizados en el INTA, esta técnica permite asegurar entre el 90 y el 95% de preñez.



En tal contexto, la alimentación es la llave para abrir los mejores resultados. Para el especialista, la receta debe tener estos ingredientes: “Buen peso al destete de las vaquillas de reposición y planificación de los recursos forrajeros: reserva otoñal del campo natural más suplementación invernal o la incorporación del raigrás”.



“Es indispensable –dijo Sampedro– seleccionar al destete vaquillas que pesen al menos 160 o180 kilogramos, tratándose de Hereford o Angus y Braford o Brangus, respectivamente. La fecha óptima del destete no debería superar los primeros días de marzo”.



De acuerdo con el técnico, luego del destete, las vaquillas deben pasar a un potrero con buena disponibilidad de forraje. “En marzo y abril, el pastizal tiene un buen crecimiento, lo cual permite una ganancia de peso de al menos 400 gramos por animal por día”, expresó. De ese modo, añadió, “a principio de mayo, cuando comienza a detenerse la producción del pastizal, las vaquillas ganaron 25 kilogramos”.



Siempre con el objetivo de que no se detenga la ganancia de peso, el técnico precisó que el segundo movimiento consiste en “pasar las vaquillas a un campo natural reservado en marzo y abril”. Con una acumulación de forraje de 2.500 kilogramos de materia seca por hectárea, la carga óptima invernal será de una vaquillona por hectárea.



Pasar el invierno



Con las primeras heladas de junio, el pastizal se seca, el contenido de fibra llega al 60% y el de proteína bruta al 5%. Es el momento de iniciar la suplementación proteica con “pellet de algodón o soja, que tendrá mejor respuesta que el pellet de girasol”.



Sampedro indicó que las vaquillas deben consumir 350 gramos diarios de proteína bruta, de lenta degradación en el rumen para mejorar la digestibilidad y consumo del forraje y, en consecuencia, la ganancia de peso. Aquí la suplementación recomendada es de un kilogramo de pellet de algodón diario por animal, durante100 a120 días, hasta mediados de septiembre.



Otros productores optan por la incorporación del raigrás, por intersiembra en el campo natural o por siembra directa. Para lograr una buena producción del verdeo es importante la fertilización con fósforo y nitrógeno.



Con ambas alternativas, las vaquillas deben alcanzar un peso de220 a240 kilogramos a principios de octubre, según se trate de razas británicas o sintéticas. Este peso es importante para alcanzar la pubertad lo antes posible y el posterior desarrollo genital a los 18 meses de edad.



En la primavera y el verano, la ganancia diaria de peso promedio en el pastizal es de 550 gramos por animal. De este modo, es posible llegar al 15 de febrero con un peso de entore entre 290 y 315 kilogramos, según el biotipo, ya que las razas británicas son más precoces que las razas con genes Brahman. “Con los pesos umbrales en octubre y los pesos de entore mencionados, se logra el 90% de preñez”, afirmó Sampedro.



El especialista aseguró que está técnica influye sobre el índice de preñez del rodeo “porque la vaca llega al segundo servicio sin ternero. Con pariciones en noviembre y diciembre, destete en mayo y posterior servicio en primavera, se alcanza el 95% de preñez en el segundo entore”.

El Proceso de Ventas

Cada una de las partes que forman el proceso de ventas es sumamente importante y los vendedores profesionales más exitosos del mundo jamás omiten alguna de ellas.

1.- Prospección. En el mundo actual, el tiempo es un factor muy importante, por lo que no debemos gastarlo con personas que no pueden, no necesitan o no quieren comprar nuestro producto. He escuchado a muchas personas jactarse de que todo el mundo necesita sus productos. Seamos realistas: no todas las personas nos van a comprar. Por ejemplo, los refrescos de cola se venden en todo el mundo, pero no todas las personas los consumen, es decir, una persona que lleva una alimentación apegada al naturismo nunca nos compraría un refresco de cola. 

 

Por otro lado, en zonas donde existen personas que viven en condiciones de pobreza extrema, no podríamos vender refresco de cola porque, aunque estas personas desearían beber un refresco, muy pocas podrían comprarlo. Es por eso que un buen prospecto es aquel que necesita nuestro producto, lo quiere, lo puede comprar y además puede tomar la decisión de comprarlo. Si queremos ser más efectivos en la carrera de ventas, necesitamos invertir gran cantidad de tiempo buscando a este tipo de prospectos.

2.- Preparación. Una vez que se tiene una lista de prospectos calificados, es muy importante tener la mayor cantidad de información acerca de ellos; tanta como sea posible. Entre más información recopilemos de nuestro prospecto, más herramientas tendremos para cerrar la venta.

3.- Acercamiento. El único objetivo del acercamiento es concertar una cita con el prospecto y nada más. Cuando se contacta telefónicamente, debemos dar la suficiente información como para que el prospecto se interese, pero no para que pueda tomar una decisión de compra en ese momento. Recuerde, el único objetivo es conseguir la cita, ¡no venda su producto por teléfono! Si el prospecto insiste en que le proporcione mayor información, responda que tiene algo que “mostrarle en persona” para que decida por el mismo. La información que demos proporcionar debe ser lo suficientemente interesante para que el prospecto piense que vale la pena tener una reunión con nosotros.

 

Algunas veces será necesario utilizar el “acercamiento de dos pasos”, que consiste en enviar una carta dirigida al prospecto diciéndole que le vamos a llamar próximamente y exponiéndole las razones por lo cual debe tomar nuestra llamada y darnos una cita. Es muy importante que esta carta sea entregada en un sobre cerrado dirigida al prospecto y que se envíe por correo tradicional, ya que el correo electrónico suele ser impersonal para un primer contacto y además podría confundirse con correo basura.

4.- Detección de necesidades (Primera entrevista). Una vez que estemos frente al prospecto debemos tomar unos cuantos minutos para presentarnos y presentar brevemente a la compañía que representamos. Posteriormente, tenemos que escuchar atentamente al prospecto, haciendo solamente las preguntas correctas que nos permitan descubrir las necesidades especificas que nuestro producto puede satisfacer. Escuche mucho más de lo que habla. Entre más escuche al prospecto, más información tendrá para preparar una propuesta atractiva y completa.

5.-Carta de agradecimiento. Una vez que salimos de la oficina del prospecto, es muy importante que le enviemos una carta agradeciendo el tiempo que nos brindó, ya sea por correo tradicional o por correo electrónico

 

6.- Preparación de la solución. Basándonos en la información que nos dio en la primera entrevista, debemos preparar una propuesta o cotización enfocada a satisfacer las necesidades específicas del prospecto. Nunca anteponga su beneficio propio al de su prospecto. Recuerde que si usted vende un producto que no satisfaga las necesidades del cliente, este no regresará, y a la larga nadie creerá en usted.

7.-Entrevista de cierre (2da. entrevista). En esta entrevista presentaremos todos los beneficios de nuestro producto, es decir, lo que nuestro producto hará específicamente por el prospecto. Durante esta entrevista, al igual que en la primera, debemos lograr que el prospecto hable más que nosotros. El vendedor profesional no es el que habla más bonito, sino el que escucha mejor. El prospecto agradecerá estar con un profesional en ventas que tome en cuenta su opinión, que la respete y que lo escuche con atención.

8.- Manejo de objeciones. Aunque se mencione el manejo de objeciones hasta este punto, esto es algo que debe hacerse a lo largo de todo el proceso. La mayoría de los vendedores tiene miedo de las objeciones porque piensan que son razones por las cuales el prospecto no va a comprar, pero no debemos temerles. Tome las objeciones como si fueran preguntas. Cuando un prospecto pone una objeción, en realidad está diciendo: “Estoy interesado, pero tengo una duda”. Si logramos despejar todas sus dudas, ¡la venta está cerrada!

9.- Cierre. El cierre suele ser el momento de mayor tensión durante todo el proceso de venta. Conforme se acerca el cierre, la tensión crece para ambas partes. Lo interesante de todo esto radica en que si seguimos el proceso al pie de la letra, como lo hemos descrito en los pasos anteriores, el cierre se dará por añadidura. Si nuestro prospecto está calificado, si nuestro producto satisface sus necesidades y si despejamos todas sus dudas, el prospecto se convertirá en nuestro cliente. No hay razón alguna para que no realice la compra.

10.- Servicio postventa. Nuestra labor no termina con el cierre de la venta. Es indispensable que mantengamos un contacto constante para saber si hay algún problema con nuestro producto o si ha surgido alguna nueva necesidad que podamos satisfacer. Los vendedores más exitosos del mundo no son los que tienen más clientes sino los que los tienen más satisfechos y por lo tanto compran de manera recurrente.

 

Conozcan más sobre BM Solutions: http://www.bmsolutions.com/

EMPLEOS VERDES: ¿Cómo se escribe un perfil de vacante?

 

El desglose eficiente del perfil deseado para cubrir una vacante es indispensable para conseguir candidatos adecueados. Cuando no especifican qué buscan, las empresas no reciben solicitudes útiles, haciendo el proceso de contratación complicado y a veces desgastante. 

Es por esta razón que los perfiles tienen que estar lo más completos posibles, considerando que el tiempo que se dedique a redactarlos al final será ahorrado en el proceso de revisión de CVs y selección de personal. 

Aquí va una lista de cosas que los perfiles deben de tener:

  1. Título de puesto: Asegurate que el titulo sea descriptivo de las responsabildades de la persona. 
  2. Nombre de la empresa y descripción de servicios: Esto debe de explicar al candidato cuál es el giro y las actividades principales de la organización. De esta forma una persona interesada en administración forestal no va a solicitar a una empresa de tratamiento de agua - aunque tenga un perfil similar al publicado. - Aunque una empresa no quiere publicar su nombre, la descripción de servicios es indispensable.
  3. Misión: Aunque no es indispensable, algunas empresas eligen escribir su misión, para que los candidatos vean si se identifican con sus objetivos. De esta forma estarán más adecuados a la cultura laboral de las organizaciones.
  4. Responsabilidades del puesto: ¿Cuáles son las responsabilidades principales que tendrá la persona?¿A quién se va a reportar? ¿Cuál es el nivel al que entrará? Esto ayudará a esclarecer cuál es la experiencia específica que debe de tener un candidato, para que posibles solicitantes sepan si deben de aplicar o no.  
  5. Experiencia: Considerando las responsabilidades se debe de esclarecer la experiencia necesaria para cubrir la vacante ¿tiene que tener algún tipo de educación? ¿haber trabajado dentro de ciertos sectores y por una cantidad de años mínima? 
  6. Conocimientos: ¿Cuáles son los conocimientos que necesita tener una persona para tener un desempeño existoso en el puesto? Saber algún idioma, poder usar programas de computación, tener conocimiento de ciertos procesos de laboratorio, etc.  
  7. Cualidades: ¿Qué están buscando en un solicitante? Alguien que pueda coordinar grupos, ser extrovertido, responsable, organizado, buen miembro de un equipo, etc. Las cualidades deben elucidar al tipo de personalidad que se está buscando en la persona. 
  8. Modalidad: ¿El trabajo va a ser de tiempo completo, medio tiempo, asesoria, prácticas profesionales, freelance, u otro? ¿Cuál es la disponibilidad de tiempo que se requiere del empleado? 
  9. Sueldo y prestaciones: Algunas empresas prefieren decir con cuánto se va a remunerar al trabajador, de esta forma un posible candidato sabe si llenará sus expectativas de ingreso. Por otro lado, algunas empresas prefieren no revelar el sueldo, aquí se puede específicar si el sueldo estará basado en experiencia, se puede pedir un historial de sueldo para ver cuál es el ingreso actual del candidato, o podrá discutirlo en la entrevista.Si el puesto incluye beneficios se pueden mencionar en este espacio.
  10. Ubicación: Incluir la ubicación es indispensable para que personas puedan saber si estan dispuestas a cambiar de residencia, o a hacer el viaje diario.
  11. Extras: ¿el puesto requiere cambio de residencia, viajes continuos o alguna situación que afectará su vida privada fuera de la oficina? 
  12. Proceso de aplicación: Es indispensable poner esta información para hacer más eficiente el proceso tanto para los candidatos como para el personal de recursos humanos.  ¿Hasta que día y hora se puede aplicar a la vacante? ¿qué documentos se necesitan para hacer la solicitud, en qué formatos y a quién se deben de enviar? ¿cuándo avisarán los resultados? ¿cuál es el proceso de entrevistas y cuáles son las fechas de estas?. Con estas preguntas pueden tener mayores criterios para ver si los candidatos son organizados y pueden seguir instrucciones, y al mismo tiempo para que ellos se puedan coordinar y adecuarse a los horarios de reclutamiento de la empresa. 

 

http://empleosverdes.tumblr.com/post/16840522664/perfildevacante

VIDEO: MF Big Red Event 2012, Wroclaw, Poland

Here we join the Massey Ferguson team in Wroclaw to train and educate dealers, distributors and internal staff on all the latest features and advantages to the current mid to high hp tractor range. The products on display and in the demo fields included the MF 3600, MF 5400, MF 6400, MF 7600 and the range topping MF 8600.

VIDEO: How Will The Mad Cow Detection Impact Ag Commodity Prices?

Moe Agostino, Senior Commodity Strategist, Farms.com Risk Management looks at the potential impact of the USDA Announcement on the detection of BSE in a diary cow in California.

Beef’s carbon footprint gets trimmed in video


A common misperception among many consumers is that modern beef production is bad for the environment.  The American Meat Institute (AMI), in conjunction with the American Meat Science Association (AMSA), launched a new video yesterday that aims to set the record straight about myths associated with the environmental impact of large, modern cattle operations. The video is the fifth installment of seven new myth-crushing videos.
The video, featuring Judith Capper, Ph.D., associate professor, department of animal sciences, Washington State University, clears the common misperception that larger, modern cattle operations have a greater negative environmental impact than small, local operations.
“That’s a common consumer misperception,” Capper says. “The first thing we have to understand is that generally the bigger the operation, the more modern it is, the more accepting of technology, the lower the land use, the water use and the carbon footprint.”
Capper says that advances in productivity over the past 30 – 50 years have “actually cut the carbon footprint per pound of beef by 16 percent since 1977.”
Capper also busts the myth that grass fed beef is better for the environment. “On average, a grain fed system is going to be significantly more environmentally friendly than a grass-fed system,” she says. The main reason is that grass-fed animals are harvested at a lighter weight, but they take longer to get to that weight. “They take an average of 606 days to get from birth to harvest, versus about 420 or so in the corn-fed system,” Capper says. “That means more total animal days (for grass fed), and that’s more feed, more land, more water, and more energy – and so therefore greater carbon footprint overall for the grass fed.”
Capper and Frank Mitloehner, associate professor of animal science and air quality specialist at the University of California, Davis.
Capper’s video is available at http://www.meatmythcrushers.com/.

http://www.cattlenetwork.com/cattle-news/latest/Beefs-carbon-footprint-gets-trimmed-in-video-webinar-139318438.html

Sistema de riego por pivot


Los sistemas de riego por pivot logran cubrir grandes extensiones de cultivo, como soja o maíz, y permiten paliar las deficiencias de agua en las épocas críticas o periodos de sequía prolongada.
Constan de ejes fijos, ruedas en sus tramos y de un motor eléctrico para efectuar giros y posicionarse en diferentes superficies. Esta tecnología es muy
útil y optimiza el riego mediante un aprovechamiento efectivo del agua.
Existen diferentes tipos de pivot, cuya cobertura puede variar de acuerdo al riego de extensiones de mayor o menor tamaño. No obstante, en este material se mencionará un sistema de riego por pivot, cuyo alcance llega a las 90 ha por círculo. Su longitud es de 537 m, que gira alrededor de un eje fijo; tiene 11 tramos y cada uno consta de una rueda. A su vez, cada rueda posee un motor. Mediante un sistema eléctrico puede realizar un giro de 360º formando un círculo. Cuando completa el círculo riega 90 ha. Asimismo, consta de otra posición con la que alcanza un total de 180 ha de riego. Es decir, que este sistema es un equipo móvil que en dos posiciones tiene una cobertura total de 180 ha de superficie, lo cual se traduce en la aplicación de 380.000 l/h de agua, lo que equivale a 11 mm de riego. Con esta cantidad se cubre fácilmente dos superficies.

TIPOS DE CULTIVO El sistema de riego por pivot se constituye en una tecnología aplicable a cultivos extensivos como maíz y soja, principales rubros en los que se aprovecha este sistema en Paraguay. Sin embargo, en otros países también se utiliza para hortalizas, parcelas de papa y de zanahoria, entre otros.

TURNOS DE RIEGO
Varían de acuerdo a los requerimientos del cultivo. Cuando se presentan problemas como
la sequía, el riego se realiza durante las 24 horas. Los requerimientos, a su vez, se fijan de acuerdo a la altura del cultivo; la etapa de crecimiento en que se encuentra, la profundidad radicular y días de germinación. Con la implementación de esta tecnología en el terreno, existe toda una ciencia que permite determinar cuántos milímetros se tienen que aplicar, así como cuándo y en qué momento, debido a que es un sistema variable. El caudal de agua es el mismo, pero con la velocidad se regula cuántos milímetros se aplicarán. A medida que el sistema actúa más rápido, menos milímetros de agua estamos aplicando, y cuando el equipo va más lento, más milimetraje, o sea que estamos regando en mayor cantidad. En esta época, por ejemplo, se riegan hasta alcanzar unos 35 mm en la soja, porque se encuentra en pleno requerimiento de agua.

Para determinar cuántos milímetros se van a regar, es necesario conocer el tipo de suelo
con el que se trabaja. En el caso de ser arenoso, no requiere tanta cantidad de agua, pero el riego debe ser continuo; es decir, cada 4 a 5 días, en pleno llenado de granos.

RIEGO FRENTE A LA SEQUÍA En este periodo, en el país, se está atravesando por una sequía muy importante, la más
intensa de las últimas décadas, que afecta notablemente a los cultivos agrícolas. Con la
aplicación del sistema de riego por pivot, se nota la diferencia entre una zona que tiene riego y otra que no. Los agricultores recuperan su inversión con esta tecnología, ya que aseguran sus parcelas.

INVERSIÓN En cuanto al costo es muy variable, pero el rango se encuentra entre los 1500 y 3000 dólares por hectárea; esto dependerá de la disponibilidad del agua. Si se cuenta con un
arroyo o un río cercano, es posible aprovechar este recurso con más facilidad.
Igualmente, se puede extraerse agua de un pozo artesiano.

MANTENIEMIENTO Este sistema es prácticamente automático. Lo único que se hace en el tablero es encenderlo; determinar los milímetros a distribuir y prender la bomba. Una vez cumplido con este procedimiento, el funcionamiento del equipo de riego puede durar todo el día, e incluso tres a cuatro días seguidos. No obstante, es necesario que una persona controle su funcionamiento ante cualquier imprevisto. Los equipos prácticamente no tienen problemas. El mantenimiento se realiza cada dos años, pero son mínimos. Lo que debe controlarse es que no se caiga algún aspersor. Respecto a la bomba que se agregará al sistema, tampoco requiere mantenimiento constante. Todo puede estar hecho como para que dure unos 25 años.

VENTAJAS SOBRE OTROS SISTEMAS A partir de superficies amplias, por ejemplo 40 o 60 ha, se puede optar por el pivot, debido a que no existe otro sistema de riego que pueda cubrir grandes extensiones ni que pueda competir en precio. Hay equipos como los cañones arrolladores, pero estos funcionan trabajosamente hasta 40 ha y no son automáticos, lo que eleva los costos por hectárea. Siempre hay que tener en cuenta el costo por hectárea. Con el pivot parece una inversión grande de buenas a primeras. Sin embargo, se puede amortizar en cinco a seis años; si
bien los productores recuperan en dos o tres años la inversión. Esto se logra con una buena
administración.

PIVOT COMO RIEGO COMPLEMENTARIO En un año en que las lluvias son normales, puede utilizarse el pivot como un riego complementario. Hay sensores que determinan la humedad en el suelo. Se trata de un aparato electrónico que indica los porcentajes existentes y, de acuerdo a eso, es posible
saber cuántos milímetros de agua se aplicarán. En el caso de que no tengamos los sensores de humedad, se puede estimar conforme a cuánto consume el cultivo: midiendo la evapotranspiración potencial de la zona; el tiempo aproximado desde la última lluvia, la  
humedad del suelo, o incluso se opta por los métodos gravimétricos. 

Los productores generalmente compran un pivot al año siguiente de su adquisición, con lo
que se nota la efectividad del equipo. Por ende, los trabajadores del campo que utilizaron el sistema ya no desean dejar sin regar sus parcelas y buscan completar toda la superficie.

CÓMO SE RIEGA Para determinar cuánto requiere el suelo, es muy importante saber cuándo y cómo regar.
Con eso se hace un uso eficiente del agua. El método no es regar sin parar y saturar al
suelo, sino llegar a la humedad óptima. El riego se hace una vez cada tres a cuatro
días, de acuerdo a la necesidad. La manera más correcta de regar es de acuerdo al
estudio del suelo, la planta, la raíz y otros factores, que se tienen en cuenta a medida que se riega.
El primer año posiblemente será experimental; luego se va observado cuántos milímetros
aplicar. No siempre al comprar el pivot el rendimiento es totalmente diferencial, porque
debe realizarse un seguimiento para saber cuánto y cómo regar. Para que esto funcione,
es importante saber la profundidad y la humedad. Si bien en el fondo un suelo puede
estar, en la superficie puede aparecer seco, por lo que es necesario conocer la
profundidad radicular.

ASESORAMIENTO TÉCNICO Hay que tener conocimientos sobre riego debido a que no estamos acostumbrados a regar
en nuestro país. Con los sensores de humedad, el trabajo se hace mucho más fácil, aunque algunos de sistemas no cuentan con sensores. En este caso, los productores hacen el riego "a ojo", con lo que es difícil saber qué porcentaje de humedad tiene el suelo a 30 cm de profundidad. Es ideal conocer el suelo y las plantas, de manera a saber cuánto consume en este líquido vital. También debe observarse en qué periodo del año se encuentra para conocer el riego que se necesita.

(*) Especialista en sistemas de riego.

http://www.abc.com.py/articulos/sistema-de-riego-por-pivot-366883.html

Social media key to ‘balanced ag view’


A NEW wave of farmers are breaking barriers in social media.
Jack River dairy farmer Marian Macdonald first turned to the world of blogging last year (www.milkmaidmarian .com) and tweets as @milkmaidmarian.

She told a captivated crowd at the Australian Dairy Conference at Lardner Park last week that blogging, Twitter and Facebook were all different ways for farmers to tell their story to the public.

But increasingly they have become instrumental platforms to counteract “propaganda” launched by animal welfare groups, such as the recent bobby calf transport issue.

“It’s a way to deal with crisis management,” she said.

Earlier this year, one Victorian dairy farmer told a radio station that calves were just a by-product for milk, creating an online backlash against the industry.

Rather than doing nothing, Mrs Macdonald saw it as a chance to use Facebook to change the situation and tell her own farming story.

“You don’t have to spend your life on social media to make a difference,” she says.

“It’s about telling people what you are doing on your farm and providing a balanced view of the industry.”

Fish Creek dairy farmer Graeme Nicoll agrees, but admits he is no “techno wiz”.

The Nuffield Scholar tweets as @Hoddlecows and blogs at www.montrosedairy.com.

“I initially set up a blog while I was on my Nuffield travels and it opened up my eyes at the potential of social media,” he said.

“I was getting 100 hits a day and I realised pretty quickly that I was connecting with more people than just my neighbours.”

He says social media can be used as a big “megaphone”, with the capacity to tell agriculture’s story to an enormous audience.

“In the beginning I came up with a marketing plan,” he says.

“My product is Montrose Dairy and my message is that we produce food and care for the environment and that rings true in everything I do.”

With 10 million Australian on Facebook, he says social media cannot be ignored.

“We are all advocates – just be positive,” he said.

But apart from advocacy, Mr Nicoll says platforms such as Twitter can be used as form of extension, providing information to farmers.

He says the Pastures to Profit group of Facebook is a great example of farmers sharing information on social media.

Mr Nicoll’s latest Montrose Dairy blog post ‘we are all in this together: weed control’ is an example of advocacy, extension and farmer-to-farmer information.

“Because these weed seeds are so easily transported in the wind we are also relying on our neighbours controlling these weeds on their land,” he writes.

“One landholder not managing their weeds will let the whole community down.”

Many producers at the Australian Dairy Conference were inspired by the potential of social media, but said they were restricted by their technology knowledge.

Australian Dairy Farmers’ Natalie Collard urged farmers to dip their toe into the online world, by starting with the successful Udderly Fantastic.

She described the website as Facebook for dairy farmers.

“This is a great way for people to start,” she said.

Meanwhile, marketing analysis group The Neilson Company’s Courtney Sullivan says research suggested consumers currently have a positive view of the dairy farmers, compared to other livestock industries - and that was extremely imperative to uphold.

“When consumers go shopping, they are less likely to scrutinise dairy labels – they will more than likely just glance at the expiry date,” she said.

“Dairy has a direct link with consumer health. People have positive associations about dairy’s quality standards, affordability and use of modern technology.”

http://sl.farmonline.com.au/news/state/dairy/general/social-media-key-to-balanced-ag-view/2472681.aspx?storypage=0

You can’t go wrong with conservation


At last week’s Senate Agriculture Committee hearing confirmed something America’s farmers have known for a long time,” says Jon Scholl, president of American Farmland Trust (AFT), “you can’t go wrong with conservation programs.”
In presentations to the committee, the panelists gave a strong defense of the conservation programs that agriculture has in place today, Scholl notes. “They also provided thoughtful suggestions for how to make the programs even more efficient, effective and focused in the future.”
Several themes stood out during the hearing, he adds. “One is how valuable conservation programs are to farmers, especially those focused on working lands. The farmers who spoke about their own conservation efforts gave us a firsthand look at conservation’s crucial role in helping meet rapidly increasing demand while maintaining healthy soils, water and air,” Scholl says.
In addition, many of the panelists noted that conservation programs can drive economic growth on multiple levels, such as:
  • Farmers can achieve greater long-term productivity through working lands practices such as no-till production or nutrient management efforts.
  • Permanent protection of key farmland through the Farm and Ranch Lands Protection Program can ensure that rural businesses—such as cherry processors in western Michigan—have the production base that they need to thrive.
  • Hunting, fishing and other recreational activities created by wildlife conservation programs generate over $1 trillion in economic activity every year, according to the National Fish and Wildlife Federation.
 In light of these economic benefits, the unintended consequences of proposed cuts to conservation are particularly troubling. Panelist Carl Mattson, a Montana farmer offered some very wise input to the committee.  “He said that current levels of spending on conservation may not be enough and reminded us that investment in conservation today is ‘insurance’ to help steward our natural resources for the future, when our agricultural capacity must increase,” Scholl relays.
“I am delighted to see the Senate moving forward with farm bill hearings,” he adds. “Finalizing the 2012 Farm Bill this spring should be ‘job number one’ because a temporary extension of current policy merely creates needless uncertainty and greater fiscal challenges in the future. We need to move forward with strong conservation programs and policies that better serve farmers, consumers and our environment”
Source: American Farmland Trust

http://www.porknetwork.com/pork-news/You-cant-go-wrong-with-conservation-141235233.html?ref=233

VIDEO: Diseñan política publica para superar la pobreza en México

Entrevista con el Dr. José Antonio Mendoza Zazueta, secretario ejecutivo del Grupo Dialogo Rural en México. Habla sobre una estrategia, producto de investigaciones en el Medio Rural, basada en políticas públicas que permitan superar el problema de la pobreza en el sector rural del país.

VIDEO: Procesadora de Semillas - Shively's facility 07

Kudos going out to KSI on putting together a state of the art high capacity bulk seed system for us! Gone are the days of slow labor intensive seed handling and treating!!! Treatments are metered precisely and documented automatically. Thanks KSI you have made our lives easier !!!

What agents do for you (Atencion: en Latinoamerica no estamos acostumbrados...)


STOCK agents play and will continue to play, an integral part in the livestock marketing business.
Historically, agents have been the mediators between vendors and buyers. In the days before automation and telecommunications, it was imperative to have an agent to guard the interests of livestock producers.
I have stated before that it is a livestock buyer's job to buy as cheaply as possible. They do not work for charitable organisations, and to run a profitable meat business is no mean feat - as the long and distinguished list of meat wholesalers and exporters who no longer exist, will attest.
So in the climate of companionable combat, the role of agents has grown to one of immense strength.
Imagine the time before a phone was a common tool available to virtually everyone. Livestock producers would have been at the mercy of any buyer who had the ready cash to purchase stock. The agreed price would reflect the buyer's choice far more so than what vendor's would end-up with.
Enter the agents.
The ability of the early agents to coordinate numbers, transport and type of stock gave vendors a united front where competition between buyers assured a competitive price, and possibly the single greatest source of comfort for vendors was the surety of payment.
Of course, times have changed although selling practices in the main remain the same as they have for many decades.
The auction system is still the best price-setting mechanism we have. Private sales on-property have many devotees and over-hooks selling has become far more popular, especially as forward contracting and tendering for livestock from meat companies becomes more of a viable option for many large producers.
Some producers believe that the modern agent has become irrelevant, and that the internet has made the agents' knowledge redundant.
Yes, it is simple to jump on the net and see what price a kilogram a meat processor is offering for crossbred lambs, or how much yearling steers are worth hanging up in the cold room.
But from where do these prices emanate?
It is a bit too simplistic to suggest that they are ruled by the prevailing saleyard price of the week, although this has a large part to play.
The buyer has to factor-in the amount they can on-sell the product for, which in turn depends on an array of factors that could include exchange rates, consumer demand or even global economic conditions.
In this microeconomic climate of ours, agents become invaluable by knowing who has the best prices, and knowing the best avenues for producers to dispose of their prime stock.
The real relevancy of agents becomes more apparent when you take into account the marketing of breeding stock.
Imagine the chaos if producers had to find buyers for their annual drafts of young ewes, wethers or mated old ewes, and weaner cattle sales would crumble and supply lines become a fiasco that depends on buyers' goodwill.

http://sj.farmonline.com.au/news/state/livestock/cattle/what-agents-do-for-you/2475288.aspx?storypage=0

Managing Weeds On America's Farmland

Farming is not easy, and farmers are not stupid. That is why our farmers have college degrees in fields such as agronomy, soil science, plant health management and environmental science. Unfortunately, recent media coverage suggests that some farmers are neglectful in how they grow their crops. As a matter of fact, CropLife America (CLA) believes that farmers are the ones that care the most about the treatment of their land and crops. America's farmers are not only growing our food, but if they don't have successful results and cannot afford to feed their own family, they will stop. Wouldn't you?
That is why farmer choice drives protection of their crops from insects, weeds and disease. They must have the ability to choose from many modern growing practices in the agriculture toolbox, as well as from the practices of their forebears. Pests and weeds are a serious problem on the farm. Crop plants must compete with 30,000 species of weeds and 10,000 species of plant-eating insects. Without crop protection tools, farmers can face up to a 100 percent crop failure. So what are some of the solutions? Growers have used a multi-faceted approach that allows for full environmental, agricultural and public benefit. By ensuring that public policy allows for farmers to have access to the best in modern growing practices, they can sustainably face crop pests.
Consider some various methods for weed control:
  • Hand weeding: Perhaps you hand-pull weeds in your personal garden, but you won't find that on most modern farms. Hand weeding is a physically demanding method of weed control, and it is costly and ineffective. In California, the short-handled hoe (8-24 inches in length) was a popular means to treat weeds by hand in the first half of the 20th century. Typically, the short handled hoe was used for 28 hours per carrot acre and 45 hours per celery acre. California eventually sought a ban on the short-handled hoe after it caused permanent back damage to the laborers who were working in a stooped position.
  • Tillage: Another method for weed control is through tillage. Tilling the soil effectively kills the weed seeds by submersing them in the soil and reducing their viability. Unfortunately, tillage also leads to soil erosion and increased fuel usage by tractors.
  • Herbicides: Another option for weed control is through the responsible use of herbicides. In comparison to other methods, herbicides allow for reducing or stopping tillage altogether, and leads to less water use, prevents soil erosion and reduces energy consumption due to fewer tractor trips. All herbicides undergo a regular review and re-review process with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the agency will review thousands of pages data to determine its safety.
  • Biotech Crops: Biotech crops are another option that farmers have to help grow better crops, free of pests, while using fewer resources. In Canada, the move to zero and minimum tillage, facilitated by growers' adoption of herbicide tolerant canola, sequesters nearly one million tons of carbon annually. Biotech crops engineered to be resistant to a specific herbicide allow the farmer to choose an integrated pest management approach in a targeted program to treat weeds and insects.

Unfortunately, weeds are also not stupid. History shows that plants have adapted for centuries to all manners of weed control practices, and developed resistance for survival. As a natural biological process, weeds can develop resistance to herbicides. While "superweeds" may be the current catchy moniker for these plants, there is nothing particularly super about these weeds. Resistance of a weed species to an herbicide has arisen multiple times in the past several decades. When resistance of a weed species to an herbicide occurs, the grower chooses the best management practice.

So how do farmers treat these weeds? Like many things in agriculture, it is not a simple issue, because farming is not simple. When they have access to all of the available tools, whether it is precision agriculture, controlled release fertilizers, seed treatments, organic pesticides, biotech crops, or synthetic pest control products, they can fully achieve sustainable agriculture on their farm. They can reduce their tillage, water consumption, and avoid encroaching upon additional land and wildlife habitats.
Farmers are using best management practices (BMPs) such as planting weed-free crop seed, scouting for weeds routinely, ensuring that all equipment is clean to minimize carrying weed seeds, and using a compliment of herbicides that are effective against the weeds.
Many voices are calling for something similar to a practice that is already taking place on America's farms: Integrated Pest Management (IPM). This technique allows farmers to reduce energy use, environmental risk and production costs while maintaining quality output and helping improve water, air and soil quality. IPM combines the strategic use of crop protection with other practices to keep pest populations low and minimize effects on natural resources. This includes: monitoring for pests, rotating between different crops and selecting pest-resistant varieties to help safeguard crops.
As an old proverb says, "criticizing another's garden doesn't keep the weeds out of your own." Growers can be smart in how they manage their fields, but they also need access to the solutions that help make their farms successful, otherwise they may need to leave it to the weeds.

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jay-vroom/post_3083_b_1324084.html

Radiation technique helps improve 39 crop varieties


Radiation and chemical-induced mutation and subsequent use in recombination breeding at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) has resulted in the release of 39 improved crop varieties in oilseeds and pulses in India, said Dr Ratan Kumar Sinha, Director, BARC, Mumbai.
Delivering the 25th Annual Convocation address of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, Dr Sinha said nuclear techniques in agriculture is particularly helpful in creating new genetic variability in crop plants, to improve one or two traits in well-adapted variety, to improve vegetatively propagated crops.
“I am happy to learn that our collaborative largeseed groundnut variety TDG 39 (TGLPS 3, Trombay Groundnut Large Pod Selection 3) has entered the seed chain due to large-scale breeder seed production by UAS, Dharwad,” he added.
“This groundnut variety can be of immense benefit to the farming community. I must compliment UAS Dharwad for large scale multiplication of our mutant varieties in order to reach farmers with quality seeds,” he further added.
Pulses are the major source of dietary proteins in India. This year (2011-12) pulse production is at 18 million tonnes (mt), a significant improvement from previous year's 15 mt. Dr Sinha said, “BARC's major contributions have been in blackgram, greengram and pigeonpea. Several of our pulse varieties have early maturity, resistance to diseases and suitability for residual moisture situations in rice fallows.”
“These varieties are very popular in Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and Tamil Nadu. Majority of the mutant varieties have not only benefited the Indian farming community, but also are being used as genetic resource material in national/State breeding programmes,” he added.
While enhancing our agricultural production system itself is a challenge, it is further made tough by post-harvest losses due to microbial spoilage, insect infestation and so on, which add up to 10-30 per cent, depending on the commodity.
“As a nation, we not only need to increase our agricultural productivity, but also focus our attention on post-harvest management of our agricultural produce. Post-harvest technology, for conservation and value addition, is going to play an increasingly important role in the new world order. Radiation processing is one of the upcoming methods to achieve this,” he explained.

Radiation processing

Radiation processing of various foods and food-products involves controlled application of the energy of radiation such as gamma rays, X-rays and accelerated electrons. Dr Sinha said, “This ensures killing of pathogens and storage pests. Radiation processing is used for sprout inhibition in bulbs and tubers, delayed ripening of fruits, shelf-life extension of sea-foods, meat and meat products, hygienisation of spices and for quarantine purpose”.
“Radiation processing can also be used for non-food products such as cut flowers, health foods, herbal and ayurvedic preparations, cattle feed, pet foods and packaging material. It is an eco-friendly alternative to fumigants, which are being banned and phased out due to their deleterious effects on human health and environment,” he added.
The wholesomeness, nutritional adequacy and safety of radiation-processed foods were endorsed by world bodies such as WHO, FAO, IAEA and Codex Alimenatrius Commission.

http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/agri-biz/article2964173.ece?homepage=true&ref=wl_home

Tips To Successfully Foster Baby Calves

By SDSU Extension
Calving difficulties and baby calf mortality can often lead stockmen to graft calves onto new mothers.
Fostering baby calves within a single herd is the best option because bringing new calves in from an outside herd carries the risk of introducing disease says SDSU Extension Veterinarian, Russ Daly during a recent iGrow Radio Network interview.

"A lot of times we have more chance of that calf shedding scours, bacteria and viruses, all the kinds of things that can infect baby calves and cause more illness. Those calves are more likely, as a result of their history, to bring disease into the herd - if it happens to be an organism our herd doesn't have any immunity to, we can really have some bad results go through not just that calf, but he rest of the healthy calves as well," Daly said.

He explains that many times when producers go outside the herd to get a baby calf to put on a lactating cow that for one reason or another has lost her own calf, they are normally dealing with very young calves that have undergone a lot of stress.

"Many times the reason those calves are for sale is they had problems, their mother has been lost or had some illness, and sometimes those calves have not gotten the colostrum they needed," he said.

If a cattle producer needs to foster an outside calf, Daly says it can be done if the calf and its new mother are isolated for at least four weeks.

"Now by isolation I mean by themselves; we're not mixing the cow and we're not mixing that calf into any situation where it can contact our animals in our existing herd," he said. "Don't be tempted to put them in a corner of the calving barn where they will have a lot of contact with other animals."

Grafting techniques vary widely, from tying on a calf hide to pouring pop on the new calf, when it comes to grafting Daly says there is no silver bullet.

"Reason there are so many techniques out there is there isn't one that works really well. You have to try lots of different things," he said.

For more information on this topic, visit iGrow.org.

http://beefmagazine.com/calving/tips-successfully-foster-baby-calves

VIDEO: Farm Boy Co. Spring Calving Photo Contest

VIDEO: Procesadora de Semillas - Shively's facility 06

While seed protection is known to bring value against early-season pests, this side-by-side comparison with INOVATE Seed Protectant shows how a strong start sets up a crop for increased profitability at harvest.

Using Genetics To Get More Efficient


Bob Weaber, Ph.D.
Cow/Calf Extension Specialist and Assistant Professor
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
Kansas State University
Improvement of the economic position of the farm or ranch is an ongoing process for many commercial cow-calf producers. Profitability may be enhanced by increasing the volume of production (i.e. the pounds of calves you market) and/or the value of products you sell (improving quality). The reduction of production costs, and thus breakeven prices, can also improve profitability. For commercial beef producers, the implementation of technologies and breeding systems that increase the quality and volume of production and/or reduce input costs is essential to maintain or improve the competitive position of the operation. Profitability is influenced by these factors concurrently. Efficiency is the proportion of outputs to inputs and is frequently used by beef producers. There are many different ‘efficiencies’ that affect beef production, especially at the cow-calf level. Some of these efficiencies are observed at the individual animal level and some observed at the system or herd level. The various efficiencies can be categorized into with measures of biological or economic efficiency. Improvement in individual animal efficiency, especially during the post-weaning growing or finishing phases, may or may-not improve efficiency at the herd or system level, and may have undesirable correlated response in traits of cows.
So, why is improvement in feed efficiency important and why does the beef industry focus on it? During the growing and finishing phase of production, a 1% improvement in feed efficiency has the same economic impact as a 3% increase in rate of gain. The traits that beef producers routinely record are outputs which determine the value of product sold and not the inputs defining the cost of beef production. The inability to routinely measure feed intake and feed efficiency on large numbers of cattle has precluded the efficient application of selection despite moderate heritabilities (h2 = 0.08-0.46). Feed accounts for approximately 65% of total beef production costs and 60% of the total cost of calf and yearling finishing systems. The cow-calf segment consumes about 70% of the calories; 30% are used by growing and finishing systems. Of the calories consumed in the cow-calf segment, more than half are used for maintenance.
Table 1 shows the potential cost savings to the US beef cattle industry that could occur with selection for feed intake, feed efficiency, growth, and carcass traits. Calves and yearlings selected for residual feed intake (RFI) have the same ADG but eat less feed thus saving feedlot operators money. Assuming 27 million cattle are fed per year and that 34% of cattle in the feedlot are calves and 66% are yearlings, the beef industry could save over a billion dollars annually by reducing daily feed intake by just 2 lb. per animal.
Prepared for the Cornbelt Cow-Calf Conference, Ottumwa, IA January 21, 2012
Table 1. Estimated cost savings to the US beef cattle industry from selection for a 2 lb. reduction in residual feed intake.
In Wt.
Out Wt.
Lb. Gain
ADG
Days on Feed
RFI
Reduced Feed Intake
Feed Cost Savings
% of Fed Mix
Feed Cost Savings
Calf Feds
600
1,250
650
3.5
186
0.0
0
600
1,250
650
3.5
186
-2.0
-371
$ (54.72)
0.34
$ (502,620,656)
Yearling Feds
775
1,300
525
4.0
131
0.0
0
775
1,300
525
4.0
131
-2.0
-263
$ (38.67)
0.66
$ (689,539,820)
Total Savings:
$(1,192,160,476)
Annual fed slaughter: 27 million head; Delivered feed cost: $294.62 as fed
Weaber, 2011
Different Measures of Efficiency:
There are a variety of measures of efficiency discussed and utilized in beef production. Some may or may-not be important to cow-calf producers. For improvements in ‘efficiency’ to positively impact profitability of a cow-calf producer, the efficiency improvement must be realized prior to the marketing endpoint of progeny. While that may seem rather obvious, members of a production sector in the beef industry often get caught up in selection for outcomes for which they have no or limited opportunity to capture the value of the genetic gain. Often that selection pressure is at the cost of selection for traits that are economically relevant to the enterprise’s market endpoint. In the following sections a variety of ‘efficiency’ measures are discussed including their applicability and limitations for improvement in efficiency of the cow herd. These measures or their component traits have been shown to be heritable, so selection for improvement is possible but anticipated to be slow, requiring a decade or more to move the population a meaningful distance. A number of the measures, especially measures of biological or economic efficiency are also favorably impacted, typically, by the improvements in lowly heritable traits like longevity and fertility due to heterosis generated in structured crossbreeding systems. System efficiency improvements due to crossbreeding can be realized in 3-5 years depending on replacement rate in the herd.
Feed Efficiency or Feed Conversion Ratio: Many cow-calf producers and, certainly cattle feeders, are familiar with the term feed efficiency (FE) or its reciprocal, feed conversion ratio (FCR). Both of these measures are indicative of differences in the efficiency of feed utilization and are most commonly associated with animals during the growing or finishing phases. They represent a gross efficiency measure of the conversion of feed to gain. Both measures are suitable for managerial use during feeding but are poor selection tools. Their utility is limited in selection due to two issues. First, the measures are ratios of inputs and outputs, so improvement in the ratio can be achieved by changing the numerator, the denominator or both.
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Therefore breeders don’t have control over which parameter in the ratio changes due to selection. In practice the parameter improved in selection tends to be the one with the largest genetic variance. Selection tools like an index that consider each input and output separately are more effective. Second, FCR or FE is strongly related to average daily gain (ADG) and composition of gain. Leaner biological types and larger, faster growing animals tend to have better FE and FCR. Selection based on FE or FCR results in larger, later maturing and leaner cows. This type of cow tends to have higher maintenance energy requirements.
Residual Feed Intake: Recently, residual feed intake (RFI) has been reintroduced as an efficiency measure for beef production. RFI was first proposed by Koch et al. in 1963, so RFI is not a new idea. It is a residual computed by deviating actual average daily feed intake (AFI) from the predicted daily dry-matter intake. Predicted daily dry-matter intake is computed from a multiple regression model by regressing AFI on ADG and Body Weight (BW) scaled to the ¾ power (est. of metabolic weight). By regression, RFI is independent (i.e. zero correlation) from differences in ADG and BW. Recall the problems with FCR and FE centered around their undesirable association with other growth parameters. When RFI is computed on the phenotypic scale independence is assured for predictor variables. However, this doesn’t assure genetic independence. In fact research shows underlying genetic correlations between RFI with FI, ADG and BW as well as measures of composition. Computing RFI on the genetic scale as an index of EPDs assures a selection tool with fewer antagonisms. That said, RFI is not a perfect tool. The data used to compute it is quite expensive to gather as it requires individual feed intake monitoring systems. Additionally, RFI can and does identify efficient animals that also have slow growth and low feed intake making these candidates undesirable for selection and use in the commercial beef industry. So, RFI must be used with other measures like ADG to assure that industry acceptable animals are selected. Some research suggests that selection for RFI produces slightly larger and leaner cows over time and cows that have older ages at first calving. In general, selection for favorable (negative) RFI results in animals with equivalent performance, but achieves that output with less feed consumed.
Residual Average Daily Gain: A concept closely related to RFI is residual average daily gain (RADG) which was proposed at the same time as RFI as a potential tool for selection for improved feed efficiency. It is the residual from regression of ADG on AFI and BW raise to the ¾ power (metabolic body weight). Selection for RADG seeks to find animals that consumed equivalent AFI but resulted in better performance. RADG, like RFI, is a transformation of the data and can be computed on either the phenotypic or genetic scales. Differences in ADG are controlled for differences in AFI and BW. Like RFI it is typically computed on growing animals and is indicative of difference in efficiency of feed utilization for growth. It may have limited utility for prediction of differences in maintenance efficiency of cows. RADG should not be used alone in selection for feed efficiency. Data reveals that some animals with favorable RADG have sub-par feed intake and consequently undesirable ADG. Feed intake and growth, not surprisingly, have a strong positive genetic association. Input drives output. One additional
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challenge with RADG, and RFI for that matter, is that these measures are computed on growing animals. In the case of cows, growth is not desired endpoint, reproduction, maintenance and lactation are the principle energy sinks.
Average Daily Feed Intake: Also known as AFI. AFI is a gross measure of nutrient input. While it cannot be used alone as a predictor of feed efficiency, it provides a useful data input for computation of selection index. Feed intake represents an economically relevant measure of cost that can be associated with a variety of output or endpoint measures. AFI could be measured on animals during different phases of production and used to capture input:output (efficiency) information. A selection index for AFI or an AFI EPD can be reliably produced analyzing performance records for a variety of growth traits. An AFI EPD produced without actual feed records but based on genetic associations between growth and intake can account for nearly 75% of the variation in observed feed intake.
Weaning Weight per Cow Exposed: This is a gross measure of biological efficiency and relates the importance of reproductive success, longevity, calf survival and other factors on system output. Improvements in maintenance efficiency of cows (or a reduction in maintenance or production requirement under stressful environments) would likely improve this efficiency metric. Clearly, both production potential (growth and lactation) and heterosis from crossbreeding can substantially affect this measure.
Weaning Weight per Cow Exposed per Unit of Energy Consumed: Another measure of biological efficiency that includes accounting of nutrients consumed for both production and maintenance of cow and calf. This metric should point to best combination of genetic merit for economically relevant traits to a weaning market endpoint including calving ease, growth, lactation, and mature cow weight among other. Researchers (Ferrell and Jenkins, 1994) have conducted a number of studies to evaluate different sire breeds for biological efficiency under low, average and high nutrient availability. In this experiment, the found little difference in efficiency across biological type (growth, lactation and leanness) at moderate nutrient availability. Under low nutrient availability, smaller breeds with lower lactation potential were more efficient. At high nutrient availability, large, high milk breeds were more efficient. The primary difference was the impact of nutrient availability on fertility for a given biological type.
Value ($) Output per $100 of total input: This is a measure of economic efficiency and the results are highly dependent upon selection of appropriate endpoint. Nielsen and colleagues (1993) demonstrated the differences in economic efficiency for three different levels of milk production from cows of three different breed crosses but of similar body size. The weaning endpoint favored the low and medium lactation groups over the high milk group. If progeny were sold as finished calves the group ranks were the same, but the range between them widened. Kress and others (1988) demonstrated the importance of longevity to both biological and economic efficiency.
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Selecting to Improve Efficiency:
Role of Growth and Lactation Potential on ME efficiency and ME requirements: Mature cow weight and lactation potential play a key role in determining annual nutrient requirements for cows. Increasing average cow mature weights from 1,000 lb to 1,400 lb, approximately the change we’ve observed over the last 30 years, increases nutrient requirements by 27%. Increasing lactation potential from 10 lb. to 30 lb. per day at peak results in a 16% increase in nutrient requirements. These increases in potential have the opportunity to be associated with increases in output, but they also have the potential to undermine a cows fitness in a given production environment. Increases in mature weight and lactation drive up maintenance requirements. Optimization of growth and lactation genetics, and ultimately profitability, requires understanding the marginal revenues and marginal costs associated with these attributes.
The associated change in maintenance requirement due to mature weight change is distinctly different from the change increased weight has on maintenance energy or metabolic efficiency. Metabolic rate does not scale linearly with mass or weight. Instead, it increases exponentially by the ¾ power. Thus, warm blooded animals with larger mass are more metabolically efficient than ones of small mass. The principle reason for these phenomena is relationship between surface area of the animal and it’s mass. Large animals have less surface area per unit mass enabling them to conserve heat more effectively. So, large cows are more efficient users of maintenance energy but have higher requirements.
The key then is finding cows with appropriate levels of mature weight and lactation potential (or biological type) for your production environment. Note that managerial (i.e. reducing supplemental feedstuffs) or environmental (i.e. drought) changes that alter nutrient availability may substantially change the fitness of your existing cows. Care should be taken in sire selection for production of replacement females such that their growth, mature weight and lactation potential are appropriate.
Current tools: At present several selection tools are available for selection to improve feed efficiency in beef cattle. These include the RADG EPD published by the American Angus Association. The EPD leverages a variety of molecular and phenotypic data to produce a genetic prediction describing differences in expected post-weaning gain given some level of intake. More positive values are indicative of higher levels of efficiency. A number of other breeds, including Simmental, Gelbvieh, Hereford and Limousin have active breeding programs and data collection efforts to gather individual feed intake records with goals of producing genetic predictors for efficiency of gain. A large USDA funded integrated research and extension project is focused on the genetic improvement of feed efficiency in beef cattle and will leverage a variety of methods to achieve this goal.
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The American Angus Association and the Red Angus Association of America both produce selection indexes that describe differences in maintenance energy requirements. These tools rely on the genetic associations between maintenance energy required with mature size and milk genetic predictors. As before, animals with higher potentials for these traits generally have higher maintenance energy requirements.
Unfortunately, little work has been done to address the additive genetic improvement of maintenance efficiency in beef cattle. Researchers know differences exist across breeds and individuals but accumulation of a substantial number of records has been elusive. Clearly this parameter would benefit from the development of genomic selection tools to enable genetic improvement.
Value of Heterosis in Improving Biological Efficiency: One of the only, yet very effective ways, to improve biological efficiency of beef cattle production systems is through the use of planned crossbreeding systems to leverage heterosis, especially maternal heterosis, and breed complementarity.
Heterosis refers to the superiority of the crossbred animal relative to the average of its straight bred parents. Heterosis results from the increase in the heterozygosity of a crossbred animal’s genetic makeup. Heterozygosity refers to a state where an animal has two different forms of a gene. It is believed that heterosis is the result of gene dominance and the recovery from accumulated inbreeding depression of pure breeds. Heterosis is, therefore, dependent on an animal having two different copies of a gene. The level of heterozygosity an animal has depends on the random inheritance of copies of genes from its parents. In general, animals which are crosses of unrelated breeds, such as Angus and Brahman, exhibit higher levels of heterosis, due to more heterozygosity, than do crosses of more genetically similar breeds such as a cross of Angus and Hereford.
Heterosis generates the largest improvement in lowly heritable traits. Moderate improvements due to heterosis are seen in moderately heritable traits. Little or no heterosis is observed in highly heritable traits. Heritability is the proportion of the observable variation in a trait between animals that is due to the genetics that are passed between generations and the variation observed in the animal’s phenotypes, which are the result of genetic and environmental effects. Traits such as reproduction and longevity have low heritability. These traits respond very slowly to selection since a large portion of the variation observed in them is due to environmental factors and a small percentage is due to genetic differences. Heterosis generated through crossbreeding can significantly improve an animal’s performance for lowly heritable traits. Crossbreeding has been shown to be an efficient method to improve reproductive efficiency and productivity in beef cattle.
Improvements in cow-calf production due to heterosis are attributable to having both a crossbred cow and a crossbred calf. The two tables below detail the individual (crossbred calf) 6
and maternal (crossbred cow) heterosis observed for various important production traits. These heterosis estimates are adapted from a report by Cundiff and Gregory, 1999, and summarize crossbreeding experiments conducted in the South-eastern and Mid-west areas of the US.
The heterosis generated in calves that are the progeny of straight bred parents of different breeds or crossbred parents is called individual heterosis. While this type of heterosis has import effects on economically important traits, it only accounts for approximately one-third of the total economic benefits of having crossbred cows and calves. Thus if you only have crossbred calves (i.e. straight bred cows) you’re missing the biggest share of economic benefit from crossbreeding. Individual heterosis improves performance in a number of traits measured on calves including survival and growth (Table 2.). For example, individual heterosis can improve weaning weights by nearly 4% which on a 500 lb. weaned calf is 20 lbs.
Table 2. Effects of individual heterosis on performance of crossbred calves
Trait Units % Heterosis
Calving Rate, % 3.2 4.4
Survival to Weaning, % 1.4 1.9
Birth Weight, lb. 1.7 2.4
Weaning Weight, lb. 16.3 3.9
Yearling Weight, lb. 29.1 3.8
Average Daily Gain, lb./d 0.08 2.6
Why is it so important to have crossbred cows?
The production of crossbred calves yields advantages in both heterosis and the blending of desirable traits from two or more breeds. However, the largest economic benefit of crossbreeding to commercial producers comes from having crossbred cows. Maternal heterosis improves both the environment a cow provides for her calf as well as improves the longevity and durability of the cow. The improvement of the maternal environment a cow provides for her calf is manifested in the improvements in calf survivability to weaning and increased weaning weight. Crossbred cows exhibit improvements in calving rate of nearly 4% and an increase in longevity of more than one year due to heterotic effects (Table 3). Heterosis results in increases in lifetime productivity of approximately one calf and 600 pounds of calf weaning weight over the lifetime of the cow (Table 2). Crossbreeding can have positive effects on a ranch’s bottom line by not only increasing the quality and gross pay weight of calves produced but also by increasing the durability and productivity of the cow factory. Crossbred cows maybe the only free lunch in the world.
The effects of maternal heterosis on the economic measures of cow-calf production have been shown to be very positive. The added value of maternal heterosis ranges from approximately $50/cow/year to nearly $100/cow/year depending on the amount of maternal
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heterosis retained in the cowherd (Ritchie, 1998). Maternal heterosis accounted for an increase in net profit per cow of nearly $75/cow/year (Davis et al., 1994). Their results suggested that the benefits of maternal heterosis on profit were primarily the reduced cost per cow exposed. Crossbred cows had higher reproductive rates, longer productive lives, and required fewer replacements than straight bred cows in their study. All of these factors contribute to reduced cost per cow exposed. Further, they found increased outputs, including growth and milk yield, were offset by increased costs.
Table 3. Effects of maternal heterosis on calf traits affected by maternal environment, cow productivity and longevity.
Trait Units % Heterosis
Calving Rate, % 3.5 3.7
Survival to Weaning, % 0.8 1.5
Birth Weight, lb. 1.6 1.8
Weaning Weight, lb. 18.0 3.9
Longevity, years 1.36 16.2
Lifetime Productivity
Number of Calves 0.97 17.0
Cumulative Weaning Wt., lb. 600 25.3
How can I harness the power of breed complementarity?
Breed complementarity is the effect of combining breeds that have different strengths. When considering crossbreeding from the standpoint of producing replacement females, one could select breeds that have complementary maternal traits such that females are most ideally matched to their production environment. Matings to produce calves for market should focus on complementing the traits of the cows and fine tuning calf performance (growth and carcass traits) to the market place.
There is an abundance of research that describes the core competencies (biological type) of many of today’s commonly used beef breeds. Traits are typically combined into groupings such as maternal/reproduction, growth and carcass. When selecting animals for a crossbreeding system, their breed should be your first consideration. What breeds you select for inclusion in your mating program will be dependent on a number of factors including the current breed composition of your cow herd, your forage and production environment, your replacement female development system, and your calf marketing endpoint. All of these factors help determine the relative importance of traits for each production phase.
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What are the keys to successful crossbreeding programs?
Many of the challenges that have been associated with crossbreeding systems in the past are the result of undisciplined implementation of the system. With that in mind, one should be cautious to select a mating system that matches the amount of labor and expertise available to appropriately implement the system. Crossbreeding systems range in complexity from very simple programs such as the use of hybrid genetics, which are as easy to use as straight breeding, to elaborate rotational crossbreeding systems with four or more breed inputs. The biggest keys to success are the thoughtful construction of a plan and the sticking to it! Be sure to set attainable goals. Discipline is essential.
Modify Cows or Modify Environment?
Historically, supplemental feedstuffs have been relatively inexpensive compared to current costs. In fact, much of the early motivation to develop farmer owned confinement feeding systems, common in the Midwest, was to add value to coarse grains by feeding it to cattle. Present costs for supplemental feedstuffs, fertilizer and fuel inputs have many producers reconsidering their production model and moving towards systems with reduced inputs. Indeed producers are evaluating modification of the cow rather than modification of the production environment.
It seems that in the short run, the most effective way to improve efficiency at the production or herd level is through selection for cows of the appropriate biological type that fit their production environment. Further, these cows should likely be crossbred cows to leverage the benefits of maternal heterosis and breed complementarity. In the intermediate to long run, seedstock and ultimately commercial producers should select for animals, via selection index, that optimize efficiency to the enterprise’s market endpoints. Such a two pronged approach leverages efficiency gains due to additive and non-additive genetics that affect animal efficiency of feed utilization as well as biological efficiency, respectively.

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