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Rural U.S. shrinks as young flee for the cities

Max Miller

As young men and women leave rural communities, the current aging population continues to dwindle and younger generations move to more populated and prosperous locations.
 According to the Financial Times, “an analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data by the Department of Agriculture found that although population growth in America’s rural heartland has risen and fallen for decades with changes in the U.S. economy, the pace of decline accelerated in years in 2010-12. For the first time in U.S. history, the natural increase in population — total births minus deaths were alarming to offset the catastrophic loss of those migrating away to the larger metropolitans.”
Rural  areas have declined for decades as cities thrived, but in certain areas the rural U.S. have seen some growth. In South Dakota, where previously people left the state due to lack of economic opportunity, some are returning because of job opportunities related to the booming oil and gas sector.
That’s not the case elsewhere in the rest of the Midwest and Rust Belt states that are being hit the worst, as the young flock to economic prosperity in other regions.
In contrast to the mass exodus in many rural communities, one demographic that is taking advantage of the low cost of living associated with rural communities is Hispanics.
Losing young people in their 20’s and 30’s has serious ramifications for the rural heartland. Young people are more likely to be the prime candidates for childbearing, and many rural regions are seeing their birthrates decline rapidly.
Many individuals who relocate to rural communities have passed the prime childbearing time in their life, which plays into rural America aging faster than the rest of the nation due to the lack of offspring being brought up in these communities. This fuels negative economic consequences from the quick egress of old rural America.
- See more at: http://www.cattlenetwork.com/cattle-news/Rural-US-shrinks-as-young-flee-for-the-cities-211067021.html

Beef can help with weight management




In mid-April, 370 Registered Dietitians from across the country met in Indianapolis for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics’ Weight Management Dietetic Practice Group symposium, where they heard from beef protein satiety researcher Heather Leidy, PhD, and weight management expert Molly Gee, MEd, RD, LD.
The hour-long educational session, funded by the beef checkoff, highlighted recent research about the impact of high-quality protein -- like that found in beef -- and its beneficial role in appetite control and weight management.
Previous checkoff-funded research conducted by Leidy, suggests that eating a protein-rich breakfast, such as one with high-quality proteins like beef and eggs, boosts fullness and reduces hunger and those brain responses involved with food cravings more than a typical ready-to-eat breakfast cereal that is lower in protein. In addition, subjects who consumed a high-protein breakfast experienced a significant reduction in unhealthy evening snacking. (Leidy HJ, Ortinau LC, Douglas SM, Hoertel HA. Beneficial effects of a higher-protein breakfast on the appetitive, hormonal, and neural signals controlling energy intake regulation in overweight/obese, “breakfast-skipping,” late-adolescent girls. Am J Clin Nutr 2013Apr; 97(4):677-88.)
During the symposium, dietitians actively Tweeted strategies for successful weight management they learned from the speakers, creating nearly 38,000 online impressions.
Here are some sample tweets from the symposium:
@cjmetzgarRD:  Are you an “unhealthy” evening snacker? Try eating more protein at breakfast. #WMSYMP13
@Hungry4Nutr:  Protein at breakfast increases satiety & reduces hunger throughout the day. Add some to your next breakfast meal! #WMSYMP13
@staceytheRD:  Dr. Leidy higher protein at bfast may influence satiety for whole day! #WMSYMP13
@nutritionjill:  Time to start looking at protein per meal vs per day for satiety/hunger management per Heather Leidy, PhD #WMSYMP13 Don’t forget breakfast!
“To see this health professional group so actively engaged with protein researchers and health experts was encouraging,” says Garry Wiley, beef producer from Michigan and vice chair of the checkoff’s Nutrition and Health Subcommittee. “As a beef producer, I’m proud to know that our checkoff dollars are being invested to educate this key group which, in turn, communicates the health benefits of beef to their clients and peers.”
For more information about your beef checkoff investment, visit MyBeefCheckoff.com.

Precision agriculture class

Genomics Research May Make Bull Selection Easier

A team of researchers at Cornell University are applying genomics sequencing techniques previously used in corn to improve the quality of milk and meat in livestock and expedite bull selection for producers.
By using the Genotyping-by-sequencing technique first discovered by USDA Agricultural Research Service geneticist Rob Elshire, Cornell researcher Ikhide Imumorin, assistant professor of animal genetics and genomics at Cornell, said genetic traits will be easier to identify and put to use.
"Breeders are interested in cattle with traits such as high meat or milk quality, disease resistance and heat tolerance, but identifying the best animals means sorting through thousands of unique gene variants in the genome," explained Imumorin, lead researcher.
Researchers at Cornell University employ new technique to improve quality of milk and meat through easier breeding selectionResearchers at Cornell University employ new technique to improve quality of milk and meat through easier breeding selection
In the study, the research team identified 50,000 genetic markers from 47 cattle representing six breeds from the U.S. and Nigeria. Their analysis showed the markers were preferentially located in or near the gene-rich regions in the arms of the chromosome, making them well-sited for tagging genes in genetic studies.
Cost is also a factor. Imumorin explained that until recently, genomics testing costs were not affordable, and many cattle species, particularly those outside the United States and Europe found in Africa and Asia, were excluded from genomics advances.
However, the new technique could reduce costs significantly. "While a genetic profile could run $70 to $150 per individual using commercially available methods, GBS brings the cost down to around $40 a sample or less," Imumorin said. "It's a very exciting time."
Imumorin predicts that in the future, GBS will be deployed by breeders and geneticists scanning herds for superior breeding stock.
"For example, a bull can have genes for superior milk production, but the only way to test that is to evaluate milk production in his daughters," Imumorin said. "A bull will be at least five years old before two generations of his offspring can be evaluated, and that's a long time for breeders to take care of a bull which may not make the final cut. These techniques hasten the day when a bull's value can be assessed using genetics on its day of birth more cheaply than we can do now."
The study was funded by Zoetis, Inc., a grant from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, and USDA Federal Formula Hatch Funds appropriated to the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station.
More information on GBS projects can be found here.
News source: Cornell

http://beefproducer.com/story-genomics-research-may-make-bull-selection-easier-10-98447

En verano: baje las cargas

Hay un tema muy interesante que quiero tratar y a su vez mostrar cifras de mi programa de ganadería de ceba, esperando sirva para ser aplicado en sus esquemas ganaderos, mostrando como hacer manejos más eficientes y simples en los momentos que en nuestras fincas se nos presenten fuertes temporadas de verano.
Claro está que es muy importante tener en cuenta, como lo recalco en mis talleres, que cada una de nuestras fincas es un mundo diferente y por esto cada caso es muy específico y es por esto que, solo nosotros como dueños del programa y nuestros colaboradores somos los llamados a estudiar cual es el esquema o tipo de manejo más adecuado a nuestro proyecto.
Como concepto muy personal, para los programas de ceba en ganadería bovina, en los momentos de verano, lo mejor que podemos hacer es bajar las cargas que tenemos en la finca, es decir sacar animales, creo que  no es fácil trabajar estas épocas con fórmulas suplementarias, para mantener el mismo número de animales y que a su vez tengan aumentos que nos paguen los costos de ellas.
Es común  oír a colegas que dicen que esto no es fácil ya que en esos momentos si tenemos animales con los mismos pesos cómo escogemos, o que generalmente en esos momentos el precio no es el mejor y entonces se pierde plata.
Estas aseveraciones son ciertas y es por esto que insisto continuamente de la necesidad, en programas de ceba, para los casos de bajar las cargas y hacer un despaje, salir de los animales más grandes y dejar un grupo de animales menores a los cuales se les cubra la necesidad alimentaria con la menor cantidad de pastos que tenemos, entre otras cosas este es un parámetro importante en el negocio ganadero de ceba: no es el número de animales que tengamos es el número de kilos con que contamos, buscando que este volumen de kilos, esté bien alimentado con el volumen de kilos de pasto que les ofrecemos.
Con referencia a que en esos momentos el precio no es el mejor, tienen razón, pero lo más importante es analizar a futuro, que en caso de no bajar las cargas, en el futuro los animales pueden ganar menos kilos, o como ocurre generalmente, hay bajas de peso,  si esto nos ocurre, perder lo que ganamos antes, sumado al tiempo necesario para recuperarlos, creo es peor que vender con precios menores, además tenemos otro problema grave que generalmente no lo medimos y es el costo de hacer mal manejo de las pasturas por causa del sobrepastoreo, esperando a futuro las recuperación de los pastos.
A continuación les muestro resultados de lo ocurrido con mi programa de ceba en estos últimos meses, en los cuales se presentó un cambio de tiempo atípico con lluvias y sequias en épocas diferentes a las que siempre hemos tenido.
El caso se da en un programa de ceba de machos desarrollado en 5 hectáreas
Como dije, es importante tener en cuenta el tiempo para adecuar el esquema, el caso que les voy a presentar  se desarrolla en los últimos meses del  2012 y primeros del 2013, meses en los que se presentó un régimen de lluvias anormal.
En  el mes de octubre del año 2012 cayeron 212 milímetros, una cantidad muy buena, en el mes de noviembre bajó a 55 milímetros, volviendo a subir el mes de diciembre a 151 milímetros, muy bueno donde generalmente para este último mes del año no es tan lluvioso.
Debido a las buenas lluvias presento los buenos resultados del control hecho al lote de 24 animales así:
Luego de este pasaje hay una variación importante en régimen de lluvias y en enero baja a 68 milímetros, al ver esto y buscando prevenir a futuro que los rendimientos bajaran si seguía esta baja de régimende lluvias se tomó la decisión de vender todo el lote con los siguientes  resultados:
El 1 de febrero se ingresa al potrero un nuevo lote de 22 animales, de un peso inferior, el cual se pesa a los 25 días obteniendo un buen resultado ya que nuevamente se presenta un fuerte incremento de lluvias para el mes, con237 milímetros,los cuales casi el 90% se presentó en los primeros 15 días.
Debido a la baja de kilos y buen régimen de lluvias el anterior control obtuvo los excelentes resultados, llegando a tener ganancias  diarias de 761 gramos, por haber buenas pasturas se aumentó el lote con 5 animales más pasando a 27, al realizar el siguiente control si se presenta en un periodo de bajas lluvias las cuales se habían presentado por última vez el 15 de febrero.
Como ven, lo que realizamos fue bajar el peso total de ocupación, aumentando el número de animales, y a pesar de que en este último tiempo no se presentaron lluvias el aumento diario en gramos fue de 614, en promedio, muy bueno.  En esta fecha se tomó la decisión de vender los 10 animales más grandes previniendo continuara el verano, lo que realmente pasó, llegando a tener precipitaciones desde el 15 de febrero  al 23 de abril, de tan solo 12 milímetros, viéndose muy disminuidos los volúmenes de pastura.
Como ven a pesar del verano inesperado de la época y su intensidad, los animales que quedaron ganaron diariamente 472 gramos en promedio, que al ser 17 animales y en 5 hectáreas, se obtuvo ganancias de 1,6 kilos por hectárea día, ganancia muy buena a pesar de la fuerte disminución de las pasturas.
El anterior seguimiento al grupo de animales, nos muestra y corrobora lo que generalmente le muestro a quienes participan en mi taller, en cuanto a que lo mejor que podemos hacer en un fuerte verano es bajar las cargas y a pesar de la baja en la cantidad de alimento por disminución de pasturas,  podemos seguir obteniendo ganancias.
De otro lado reitero la importancia de hacer controles y seguimientos en nuestros programas, esto es lo que al final nos muestra si ganamos o perdimos, y es la razón principal de la que debemos guiarnos para tomar decisiones.
NOTA: Quienes deseen asistir a mis talleres me pueden llamar al teléfono 315 375 5137 o escribirme al correo electrónico: totogarcia-180@hotmail.com | El próximo taller es el día sábado 1° de Junio de 2013 pero me pueden contactar para informarlas de próximas fechas.


How climate change affects farming practices


Farmers prepare their cattle for a dipping. With changes in weather patterns being experienced, such farmers have had to adapt their farming practices as well. File photo 
By Lominda Afedraru

There is evidence that the world’s climate is changing and threatening the world’s environmental, social and economic development, including the agricultural sector.
In Uganda, climate change and increased weather variability has been observed and is manifested in the increase in frequency and intensity of weather extremes, including high temperatures leading to prolonged drought and erratic rainfall patterns.
This changing weather patterns is making it difficult for farmers in the country to plan using the traditional knowledge the two planting seasons which seemed much easier to predict.
Adverse effects
These changing weather patterns have come with challenges such as tropical storms, wildfire, siltation, soil erosion, pests and diseases which are causing devastating loss to farmer’s yields.
A report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change indicates that the earth’s average surface temperature has risen by 0.76 degrees Celsius and will continue to rise and cause adverse effects on the agricultural production of most farmers in the country and elsewhere.
A senior meteorologist at the Ministry of Water and Environment, Mr Khalid Muwembe explains changes in climate is a big hazard to the farming community because its effects lead to poor yields which affect farmers’ livelihoods.
He said previously the weather pattern indicated two good planting seasons, March to May and September to November which were timely and would enable farmers to follow the traditional trends of planting.
Plan well
However, this trend has since changed because sometimes there is continued rainfall during the dry seasons and pronged dry spell occurrences during rainy seasons making it difficult for farmers to plan well.
“The onset of the rainfall pattern in the olden days were timely and it was easier for farmers to follow the traditional planting trends but the extremes are now frequent with prolonged dry spells and heavy rains resulting into flooding which leads to poor yields and the disease burden is on the increase,” he said.
According to him, if farmers carry out planting exercise in times of heavy rains, their crops will be washed and during times of drought the episodes of the pest and disease burden are high.
A farmer who depends entirely on proceeds of his or her crop as well as animal husbandry will encounter loss leading to hunger, starvation, limited pasture and low production; farmers are therefore advised to rely on expert advice as to when they could engage in the planting exercise depending on favourable climate conditions.
The principal climate change officer at the Ministry of Water and Environment, Mr Lawrence Aribo advises farmers not to plant on farm land with clogged water and for farmers living in mountainous areas, they are advised to practice terracing and lay farrows to reduce run offs from heavy rains.
According to him, a good number of farmers living on the slopes of Mountain Elgon in Eastern Uganda and those from Mountain Rwenzori have been sensitised by his team to grow grass on the steeps of the mountain which is a modern practice of stopping run-offs from heavy rains.
Forecasting changes
According to expert opinion lowland ecosystems in most districts in Eastern Uganda are prone to floods and semi-arid areas like in Nakasongola District are prone to drought.
This, therefore, means farmers residing in the cattle corridors will suffer in terms of looking for pasture for grazing their animals and those affected with floods will suffer loss of their crops.
The climate change team is mandated with forecasting the changes in the weather to guide farmers and last forecast was done for the planting season March to May, the next forecast will be for the months June and July. In case the rains continue, experts will advise farmers on what best to do.
However, the climate change experts are advising farmers to grow quick maturing crops such vegetables when there is prediction of prolonged dry spells and they are further advised to grow cereal crops which are tolerant to drought.
alominda@ug.nationmedia.com

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